Signal translating device



June 30, 1959 Filed Sept. 24. 1953 CURRENT l J. P. ECKERT, JR, ET AL SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE l5 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTORS JOHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR. THEODORE H. BONN fi au wl ATTORNEY QURRENTl June 30, 1959 J. P. ECKERT, JR, ET AL 2,892,998

SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE Filed Sept. 24. 1955 15 Sheets-Sheet 4 I Fig.10o I B S j 512 CURRENTl uff;

BLOCK MA I \m f v ilTGliAL A I E Q 31 CURRENT OUTPUT D I R F|g.Ho

L f J 0 POWER 8 +E V 7' 0 POWER-BLOCK AT B E BLOCK Fig.1]

INVENTORS JOHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR.

THEODORE H. BONN a AZTORNEY June 30, 1959 J. P. ECKERT, JR., ET AL 2,

' SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE Filed Sept. 24, 1953 15 Sheets-Sheet 5 OUTPUT I D1 POWER l o t INPUT -+E F r X SIGNAL 6 I o t INPUT I I I D D 2 T 5 C cousnmr CURRENT SOURCE Fig.12

OUTPUT INVENTORS JOHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR. THEODORE H. BONN v ATTZRNEY June 30, 1959 J. P. ECKERT, JR. ET AL SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE Fig.15

l5 Sheets-Sheet 6 II D D- i C Q LOAD C1 t t t POWER I o I a DIVERTING Fig- 160 Fig.16

4 *OUTPUT II R T F Fig.1?

INVENTORS JOHN PRESPER ECKERT, JR.

THEODORE H. BONN TTORNEY J1me 1959 J. P. IECKERT, JR., ET AL 2,892,998

SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE Filed Sept. 24, 1953 15 Sheets-Sheet '7 -V OUTPUT Fig.19

INVENTORS 'JQHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR. THEODORE H. BONN I ATTORNEY June 30, 1959 J. P. ECKERT, JR, ET AL 2,892, 9

' I SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE 15 Sheets-Sheet 8 Filed Sept. 24, 1953 POWER INPUT Fig. 20

SIGNAL |NPUT POWER OUTPUT INPUT CURRENT i Fig. 21

SIGNAL INPUT+ INVENTORS JOHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR.

. THEODORE H. BONN AT ORNEY June 30, 1959 Filed Sept. 24. 195:5

SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE l5 Sheets-Sheet 9 TP| PP1 6 A1 is INPUT 0 "How-PUT PP TPg 2 Fig. 22

'P'E I I i i i i l I t INPUT +E I I I l I t TF1 +5 I l I l l TF2 E t 1 a I +E 0 t PP -E: I I i +E i I i I l 0 t OUTPUT Fig. 22 a INVENTORS JOHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR.

THEODORE H. BONN June 30, 1959 J. P. ECKERT, JR. ET AL 2,392,998

SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE;

Filed Sept. 24. 1953 15 Sheets-Sheet 1O OUTPUT F j 3 PP 1.

INPUT o BLOCK 1 TF1 +E 0 -1: 10

. D PPZ" 7 IL SEE WAVEFORMS IN FIG.220

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CC TF2 sE 4 v-{ 2 OUTPUT RESTORE Fl 2 3 INVENTORS JOHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR. THEODORE H. BONN June 30, 1959 J. P ECKERT, JR., ET AL 2,892,998

SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE Filed Sept. 24. 1955 15 Sheets-Sheet ll OUTPUT IQ fi a RL Q\ r "r" BLOCK 1 M BLOCK 3 SET H 72 +5 o C 11 +E I I v 10 C 9 RESTORE Fig. 230

+E PP1 Flg. 23b BLOCK1 O +E INVENTORS JOHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR. BLOCK 2 O THEODORE H. BONN iTTORNEY June 30, 1959 J, p. ECKERT, JR., ET AL 2,892,998

SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE Filed Sept. 24. 1953 15 Sheets-Sheet 12 v Q VOUTPUT DELAY F|g.23c

RESTORE R, OUTPUT 3 D2 RL L 0 a J 5 q +E D n 04? F 7 POWER PULSE F t t i t o 2 3 R2 a +E D E l* BLOCK 0 i, PULSE H \JDB 7 RESTORTEE INVENTORS A T TORNE Y June 30, 1959 Filed Sept. 24, 1953 J. P. ECKERT, JR., ET AL 2,892,998

SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE 15 Sheets-Sheet 1 3 SET Q 1* TC D7L D9 RESTORE H W BLOCK 1 -I 1 }-o BLOCK 2 F lg. 23e

|-OPP2 I D12 D 6 C II 7 '0 INVENTORS 111 JOHN PRESPER ECKERT,JR.

\ THEODORE H. BONN T June 30, 1959 J. P. ECKERT, JR., ET AL 2,892,998

I SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE Filed Sept. 24. 1953 15 Sheets-Sheet 15 I t PP1 E I I +E I I I I 0 It 2 I I F g- 23f +E I I o I I It BLOCK 1 o I I i It BLOCK 2 i I I I I I l I l l s l O I II I I \I It SET I I I I I I I l I I 0 I I I I I I It RESTORE +E I I I I I I I I I OUTPUT o PP I t E I +E I O t z -E 7 Fl g. 23 h +E I I O t BLOCK E I I I +E I I I I I I I I 0 I SET i +E 1 I I I I I I O RESTORE I I I I It I INVENTORS I I l JOHN PRESPER EOKERLJR L I I I THEODORE H. BONN O t OUTPUT ATTORN Y.

United States Patent O SIGNAL TRANSLATING DEVICE John Presper 'Eckert, In, Gladwyne, and Theodore H.

Bonn, Philadelphia, Pa., assignors to Sperry Rand (Zorporation, a corporation of Delaware Application September 24, 1953, Serial No. 382,180

36 Claims. (ill. 340--174) This invention relates to magnetic devices and more particularly to devices utilizing magnetic phenomena for producing signal controlled outputs and to logical circuits for the use thereof.

In the operation of electronic computing equipment and the like, operating at extremely high speeds, amplifiers are used to perform various logical functions. Electron tubes employing the valving action of a charged grid on an electron stream have been satisfactorily used for amplification purposes. However, a disadvantage in the use of electron tubes is the rather limited life thereof due to failure of such tubes and the fragile construction thereof. It has been proposed to replace the electron tube amplifier elements by solid-state elements that will not be subjected to the limited life defects of electron tubes.

Ferromagnetic materials may be employed in such amplifying apparatus. They exhibit a hysteresis loop and display a high impedance when operating over the portion of the loop from minus. residual flux density to plus residual flux density and show a low impedance when traveling from plus residual flux density towards plus saturation flux density. Use can be made of these effects for signal translating and amplifying purposes. A way of using this effect is to produce the desired output when and while the core occupies the high impedance portion of its hysteresis loop. The present invention covers devices using this eifect and which may be conveniently referred to as parallel signal translating or amplifying devices.

With working frequencies in the megacycle region, many problems are encountered. They may deal, for example, with the speed with which a material can traverse its hysteresis loop, with the transmission of unwanted energy to the input circuits and with the generation of spurious outputs.

It is, therefore, a primary object of the invention to provide a novel magnetic apparatus.

Another object of the invention is to provide a novel signal translating apparatus operating in parallel.

An additional object of the invention is to provide a novel signal translating apparatus which will operate successfully at high frequencies.

A further object of the invention is to provide a novel signal translating apparatus employing magnetic phenomena.

Another object of the invention is to provide a novel signal translating apparatus having an efficient and fast operating signal input arrangement.

An added object of the invention is to provide a novel signal translating apparatus having an improved output arrangement to suppress unwanted outputs.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel signal translating apparatus utilizing only one coil on a core of ferromagnetic material.

Another object of the invention is to provide a novel signal translating apparatus having a short rise time.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a ice novel signal translating apparatus having an output constant in amplitude and duration.

A further object of the invention is to provide a novel signal translating apparatus to be useful as a means for multiplying the rate of transmission of information through a single channel.

An added object of the invention is to provide a novel flip-flop circuit utilizing magnetic phenomena.

Another object of the invention is to provide a novel An added object of the invention is to provide a novel delay circuit for pulse envelope signals.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be-' come apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a diagram of an idealized hysteresis loop;

Figure 2 shows a basic circuit of a solid-state signal translating device;

Figure 2a illustrates the operating time cycle for the embodiment of Figure 2;

Figure 3 illustrates some representative output wave forms;

Figure 4 shows an input winding with a constant current input;

Figure 5 shows an input winding with a constant voltage input;

Figure 6 illustrates some typical shapes of power pulses;

Figure 7 shows output wave forms produced by some of the power pulses illustrated in Figure 6;

Figure 8 shows an input winding to be used in connection with the application of a constant current and the use of diodes and blocking pulses;

Figure 8a represents a first operating time cycle for the circuit of Figure 8;

Figure 8b represents a second operating time cycle for the circuit of Figure 8;

Figure represents a third operating time cycle for the circuit of Figure 8;

Figure 9 illustrates an input winding to be used in connection with the application of a constant voltage;

Figure 9a shows the form of pulses to be applied to the circuits of Figure 9;

Figure 10 illustrates the three windings of a magnetic signal translating device to which DC. power sources may be applied;

Figure 10a shows the pulse forms to be used in connection with the arrangement of Figure 10;

Figure 11 illustrates an arrangement in which the output is directly connected to the power winding;

Figure 11a shows a wave form which serves both as a power pulse and as a blocking pulse;

Figure 12 exemplifies the circuits of a single coil magnetic signal translating device;

Figure 13 illustrates an output winding and a first method of removing the sneak pulse;

Figure 13a shows the form of an auxiliary pulse to be applied to the circuit of Figure 13;

Figure 14 illustrates an output winding and a second method of removing the sneak pulse;

Figure 15 shows a single output Winding coupled to two separate cores;

Figure 16 shows an imput winding to which, in addition to the signal impulse, a constant current and an Fatented June so, 1959" 3 alternately positive and negative power pulse are to be applied;

Figure 16a illustrates the operating time cycle for the circuit of Figure 16;

Figure 17 illustrates a first example of an ouput winding with a circuit arrangement for obtaining a steady output;

Figure 18 gives a second example of an output winding with a circuit arrangement for obtaining a steady output;

Figure 19 shows a three-winding signal translating device with the circuits so arranged as to obtain the effects of a complementer;

Figure 20 shows the three windings of a signal translating device with the output circuit so arranged as to keep the output constant in amplitude and duration;

Figure'2l illustrates a three-winding signal translating device to which a constant power voltage may be applied;

Figure 22 shows a block diagram of a signal translating system to be used for interlacing signals;

Figure 22a gives a timing diagram which may be used in connection with the system of Figure 22;

Figure 22b shows a schematic diagram for the system of Figure 22;

Figure 23 gives a block diagram of a first signal translating system to be used for flip-flop effects;

Figure 2311 represents the schematic diagram for the circuit of Figure 23;

Figure 23b illustrates the power waves and blocking pulses to be applied to the circuit of Figure 23a;

Figure 230 gives a block diagram of a second signal translating system to be used for flip-flop effects;

Figure 23d represents the schematic diagram for the circuit of Figure 230;

Figure 238 shows a third flip-flop arrangement in schematic form;

Figure 23 illustrates the power waves and blocking pulses to be applied to the circuit of Figure 23a;

Figure 23g shows a fourth flip-flop arrangement in schematic form;

Figure 2311 illustrates the power waves and blocking pulses to be applied to the circuit of Figure 23g.

Figure 1 illustrates an idealized hysteresis loop of a material which may be used as the core member for the solid-state signal translating devices to be described. B signifies residual flux density and B designates saturation flux density. The core material may be made of a variety of materials among which are the various types of ferrites and the various kinds of ferromagnetic alloys, including Orthonik and 479 Moly-Permalloy. These materials may have different heat treatments to give them different properties. In addition to the wide variety of materials applicable, the cores of the signal translating devices may be constructed in a number of different geometries involving both closed and open paths. For example, cup-shaped cores, strips of material or toroidal cores are possible.

It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to any specific geometries of the cores nor to any specific materials therefor, and that the examples given are illustrative only. The only requisite is that the material possesses a hysteresis loop preferably approaching the idealized hysteresis loop as shown in Figure 1.

Before describing the signal translating devices, the terms to be used in regard to different kinds of electric pulses will be defined. There are clock pulses and signal pulses. The signal pulses carry information and are, therefore, selectively applied. It depends upon the information to be transmitted whether such pulses are present or not. The clock pulses are automatically applied and do not carry any information. They may be subdivided into power pulses and blocking pulses. The power pulses usually supply the power for the operation of the signal translating device or, at least, open a gate to permit another source to operate the signal translating device. The blocking pulses block the interference of the power pulse with the signal input circuit and/or of the signal input circuit with the power circuit.

Figure 2 illustrates the basic arrangement of parts of a solid-state magnetic signal translating device. Part C is a core of ferromagnetic material. Winding I is the power winding, winding II is the output winding and winding III is the input winding. Power pulses are applied to winding I at, for example, terminal B. The solid arrow at terminal B indicates the direction of current of the power pulse. The solid arrow above core C indicates the direction of flux that this current causes in core C. A typical shape of the power pulse versus time is shown in the waveform of Figure 2a to the left of terminal B. This power pulse causes a current to flow in the load resistor R in the direction shown by the solid arrow near winding II. The power pulse also causes a current to flow in winding III in the direction of the dotted arrow shown at terminal A. When a signal pulse is applied to terminal A of the signal winding, a current is made to flow in the signal winding in the direction of the solid arrow shown near terminal A. The waveform of Figure 2a to the left of terminal A is a typical waveform which might be applied to terminal A. The vertical lines connecting the waveforms of Figure 2a indicate the time relationship between the signal input pulse, which may or may not be present at terminal A, and the power pulse which occurs at terminal B.

The idealized BH loop of Figure l is a convenient means for describing the method of operation of the sig nal translating device. First, it will be assumed that there are no information pulses and that the power pulse is in such a direction as to drive core C from plus B to plus B In this event, there is a small flux change in the core, and hence an output voltage will be generated which, as a rule, is short in duration and, in the case of some materials, also small in amplitude (sneak pulse).

Figure 3 shows representative output waveforms. Waveforms X and X are the types which would occur in the case just discussed, namely in the absence of an information pulse preceding the power pulse. The exact size and shape of these waveforms is determined by a number of factors, for example, the slope of the BH loop between B and E the amplitude and wave shape of the power pulse, the value of the load resistance, the power circuit inductance, eddy current phenomena in the core, distributed capacitances of the winding, etc.

Now, however, it will be assumed that an information pulse has occurred preceding the power pulse. When the preceding power pulse "returned to 0, it left the core in the plus B position. T he information pulse causes the material to travel from plus B to minus B in a counterclockwise direction around the hysteresis loop. There is a large change of flux. Any currents which tend to flow in circuit II, the load circuit, are blocked by the diode D. Therefore, the only power which musi be supplied from the information pulse is that power required to move the core from plus B to minus B and the power transferred to circuit I, the power circuit. Effective means have been found to block power transfer to the power circuit, as will be explained hereinafter. Therefore, the only power consumed from the signal input circuit is the power absorbed by the core in moving from plus B to minus E in the given time. After the period of time allotted to the signal pulse, the power pulse occurs and the core now starts from minus B and proceeds to plus B The core undergoes a large flux change and a large voltage is induced in winding II.

Curve Y, Figure 3, shows a representative output voltage versus time curve obtained when the material is operated between minus B and plus B The length of the output signal. approximately equals the duration of the power pulse. Note that the current induced, which is in the direction of the solid arrow at winding II, Figure 2, is in the direction which will pass through the diode D.

The power delivered to the load may be many times larger than the power required of the information pulse. A net power gain is, therefore, obtainable in the signal translating device. Many factors influence the amount of power obtained. One of the most important factors, however, has to do with the extent to which the unwanted pulse, known as the sneak pulse and shown at X or X in Figure3, may be tolerated in any practical situation. Another important factor is represented by the ratio of the slope on the steep portion of the hysteresis loop between plus B and minus B to the slope of the fiat portion of the hysteresis loop between plus B and plus B Amaterial with a rectangular hysteresis loop is desirable for this signal translating device, although by no means completely necessary.

Thus, the fundamental method of operation of this translating device has been shown. \Vhen no informationpulses are applied, the material goes from plus B to plus B and returns to plus B only a sneak pulse as X or X in Figure 3 results across R When a signal pulse has been received, the material moves from plus B to minus B an output as Y in Figure 3 results across R and the material returns to plus B Thus, the desired output signal occurs when and while the material travels within the steep middle portion of the loop where the permeability is at its greatest.

A signal. translating device operating in the manner just described will be designated hereinafter as an amplifier. It should be understood, however, that the use of the term amplifier is not confined to cases of actual amplification, but extended to cover all devices which produce an output signal in response to the application of an input signal, regardless of the fact that the power, current or voltage output to input ratio may be greater than, equal to or less than unity. If, in contrast thereto, an output signal is produced in response to the non-application of an input signal, then the device will be called a complementer.

It also should be realized that the device illustrated in Figure 2 as all the other devices described hereinafter operate as so-called parallel magnetic amplifiers or complementcrs. This means that the load circuit or circuits are arranged in a parallel relationship to the output winding when viewed from the power source, the power being supplied, in the average case, by a constant current source. The desired output signals are produced, therefore, through changes in the residual flux density which, as a rule, follow the path of the hysteresis loop and keep the core within the high permeability region, i.e., between plus and minus B In Figure 2, the load on circuit 2 is shown as a resistor. However, this might very well be any passive or active network including resistors, capacitors, inductors, any conceivable combination thereof, computing circuits, buffers, gates and other amplifiers.

In the waveforms illustrated in Figure 2a, the power pulse is shown occurring coincident with the end of the signal pulse. The time period t marks the beginning of the signal pulse, t marks the end of the signal pulse and the beginning of the power pulse, and t marks the end of the power pulse. Actually, t t and t mark the boundaries of the periods allotted to the signal and power pulses and by no means indicate the length of these pulses. The period t, to t may be a relatively long time as, for example, one minute, and the actual signal pulse may have a duration of one microsecond. This one microsecond can occur at any time during the minute period allotted to the signal. The power pulse, since it always occurs, is given a period equal to its duration. Its duration may be either greater or less than the actual duration of the signal pulse, and it may be applied at any time after the signal pulse. Therefore, this amplifier may also serve as a memory or a delay device. In view of the fact that the power pulse is derived from a source whose waveform can be accurately fixed, outputpulses from this amplifier are of standard waveforms as deter- 6 mined by the power pulse source. This amplifier serves also, therefore, as a pulse former and pulse timing device.

In some instances, it may be desirable to obtain the amplifier information at some time which is not necessarily fixed. In this case, pulses applied to coil I may also be selectively controlled information pulses. Then the amplifier functions as a delayed gate. The information pulse applied to coil Iii selectively allows an output to occur when such output is selectively called for by an information pulse on coil 1.

In Figure 2, the amplifier is shown with one signal input, one output and one power winding. Actually, a signal amplifier may have many signal input, output and power windings. Thus, it is possible for the amplifier to be operated by one of several sources and/or to operate several loads. These sources and/or loads can have different impedance and voltage levels and different polarities. The number of turns on the various windings would be adjusted to match the characteristics of the particular circuit.

Several input circuits will now be shown to handle the various problems which arise in operating this type of solid-state amplifier with both constant current and constant voltage sources. It should be stressed, in this connection, that the power pulse applied to coil I (the' power winding) may, preferably, be taken from a constant current source.

A constant current source is theoretically a source of,

infinite impedance. A constant voltage source is theoretically a source of zero impedance. These definitions are idealized and are merely used to obtain a simplification in the analyses of circuits. From a practical point of view, the constant current source is a source whose impedance is comparatively high with respect to the load, and a constant voltage source is a source whose impedance is comparatively low with respect to the load.

Figure 4 represents a constant current input source which can be used with this type of amplifier. The portion of the core C shown corresponds to coil III of Figure 2. The directions of the currents, voltages, and fluxesshown are the same as those in Figure 2. Normally, when no signal is applied to terminal A, terminal A is at a. small negative potential such that the potential on the plate of diode P is zero, and the current from the constant current source S flows through the diode P in series with A, and no current flows through coil III. In order to relax the tolerance requirements on this negative voltage, a diode Q may be inserted as shown in series with terminal A If Q is present, the small negative voltage may be larger and diode Q will cut off. Reverse current will thereby be prevented from flowing in coil HI. When an input is desired, a positive pulse is applied to terminal A; the diode P, in series with A, cuts ofi; and the current which formerly flowed through A new fiows in coil ill in the direction shown by the solid arrow. This principle is also applicable to the means for producing the power pulse. In this case, the actual power source would be the DC. source of constant current and the source of switching pulses which cause this current to flow in coil III at the required time.

Figure 5 shows a constant voltage type of input in which the signal source S is theoretically an impedanceless source. The same portion of the core C as in Figure 4 is shown here. Z is the internal impedance of a practical source and Z is an impedance placed in series with the input coil III of the amplifier. The signal source S is selectively actuated to apply an input pulse. By placing a capacitor, shown dotted, across Z a faster change in current can be obtained.

In the previous descriptions, both the signal and the power pulse were shown as square waves. In practice, many waveforms are possible. It is essential, however, that the signal pulse, if selectively applied, is present during the signal period. Whether or not this signal pulse may extend into a power pulse period, depends upon the aseaess characteristics of the other elements in the over-all circuit' system within which this amplifier is tobe used. If the'timeintegralof the signal voltage during thesignal period' -is equal to orgreater than 2 X 10- B ANvolts (where A is the area of the magnetic circuit in square centimeters, BR 'isin gauss and N the number of turns), then fulloutput' isobtained from the amplifier. If, on the other hand, the-time integral of the signal voltage is less than 2 X 10" B AN volts, an output proportionately 'smallerthan the'full output will be obtained. This effect may be used to make a lower power amplifier witho utidecreasing the volume of magnetic material present. Therefore, it isnot necessary, and indeed may not be desirable, that the amplifier operate with the full excursion. between plusB and minus B as stated hereinabove.

Figure 6 shows some typical shapes of power pulses Which 'might be used. Figure 6a shows a half sine wave; Figure fib shows a triangular wave; Figure 6c shows a Gaussian curve; and Figure 6d shows a flat-top pulse with unequal rise time and fall time. The main considerations in determining the shape of the power pulse are the elfect of-its shape on the sneak pulse and output pulse, and the back voltage applied to the diode in series with the load resistance at the time that the power pulse returns to zero. Usually, with the materials used, the greatest change of flux between B andB occurs near B Therefore, if the power pulse is made to travel slowly over this region, the sneak pulse would be of lower amplitude during the lower rise; the output would also be smaller, though. If a power pulse as shown in Figure 6c is used, the output'and sneakpulse will be as illustrated in curves Y'and' X, Figure 7a, respectively. If the waveform as shown in Figure-6d is used, the output and sneak pulse will be as shown in curves Y and X, Figure 7!), respectively.

One of the important problems connected with these amplifiers is the method of preventing power pulses from delivering energy to the signal input winding and the method of preventing'the signal winding from delivering energy to theoutput winding. Several methods or combinations of methods can be used. One simple case occurs when the power winding is connected to a high impedance source. In this case, the high impedance itself prevents energy transfer from the signal to the power winding. Various combinations of diodes and blocking voltages can also be used on both signal and power windings.

Figure 8 is an example of how diodes and blocking pulses can be used to isolate the power winding from the input or the input from the power winding, whenever a constant current source is used for the input winding. (In the case of coil I. (the power winding), the application of a constant current source may be regarded as a rule.) The portion of core C containing the input windingas in Figure 2 is redrawn in Figure 8. A similar arrangement may be used for the power circuit, but the diode corresponding to diode P would not be necessary in such a case, provided that the point corresponding to points is. connected to a device which prevents any back flow of current. The waveforms applied in one method of using this principle are shown in Figure 8a. The pulse applied to. the power winding is shown in the first line of Figure 811. At the same time, a positive pulseis applied to point A. from a blocking source, as shown in the secnd line of Figure 8a. This cuts off the diode Q in series with A and prevents How of current which, as a result of transformer action, would try to flow as shown by the dotted arrow. The blocking pulse has the same or greater duration as the power pulse and suflicient amplitude toprevent'the flow of current. At some later time, as'previously described, a signal pulse is applied to point A, as shown in the third line of Figure 8a. Figure 8b shows an alternate method for accomplishing this result. Here the blocking pulse is applied to the point A (second previously described. Now, however, a waveform as shown in the second line is applied to terminal S. This waveform is called the blockand'signal supply because it' is of the correct polarity to-block during the power pulse period, and it can supply power tothe signal winding in the event that a waveform, as shown in the last line, ap

pears at point A. Point A would be grounded in this case, and diode P may be eliminatcd.

Figure 9' shows a method of isolatingthe power pulse from the input when using a' constant voltage source: Here again only coil III and part of core C, as inFigure' 2, are shown. A power pulse of the type shown in the first line of Figure 9a is applied inthe manner previously described. During the period of the power pulse, a-

blocking voltage from a low impedance source isapplied at point A This acts to cut off the diode P in series with terminal A and prevents current from flowing in the direction of the dotted arrow. This is the directionih which the power pulse would tend to make the current flow. A signal pulse as shown in the botom waveform of Figure 9a is selectively applied at point A.

Figure 10 shows both DC. power sources andblocking pulses which can be used on both power and signal windings in an amplifier. Apower pulse is. applied as shown at point B and the constant current from S, which normally would'fiow to B, is made to flow through coil I. At the same time, a blocking voltage is applied'at point A During the signal period, a. positive. signal pulse is appliedto terminal A. and. the current from S, which.

normally would flow through A, is made to flow through coil III. Also during the signalperiod a positive blocking voltage is applied at point B. pulse does not occur, the block is applied anyhow so that the signal sourcedoes not have to supply power required to block. The application of the block in no way harms the operation of the amplifier.

In the preliminary description of the operation of the amplifier, the output winding was shown as a separate winding 11 of Figure 2 and other figures. However, it. is not necessary that this be so. The output may be connected as shown in Figure 11, i.e., across the power windingI with the diode Din series with the load R The input and output waveforms are the same asshown before. The previously discussed principles, for example, those of Figure 10, can be still applied to this circuit. A block such as applied atB Figure 10, can also be applied at B Figure 11, and a power pulse can be applied at B, Figure 11. The power. pulse applied. at -B may also serve as a blocking pulse if it is allowed to go negative, as shown in Figure 11a. be grounded.

A magnetic amplifier maybe constructed having only one coil on a core of ferromagnetic material. An example of a single coil magnetic amplifier is shown in Figure 12. This amplifier has a constant current applied v via resistor R During the power period, when the power input has a positive pulse applied thereto, diode D1- cuts off and current fiows through resistor R the arm plifier coil and diode D in series, and through diode D and the load resistor R Assuming that there-has beenr no signal input, the core will be at'plus B -fiuxtdensity,

when the power pulse arrives, and will travel from plus B to plus B and there will be only'a small voltage across R and only a sneak output pulse will result.

During the signal input period, a negative pulse is applied to the power input. Diode D will connect, and

point A will be at the potential of'ithe negativepulseapplied-to the power input; Diodes Dyand D will disconnect, and no current will flow through' the-amplifier Note. that if a signal In this-case point B would.

9 capacitor F, diode D will connect, and a current will flow through the amplifier coil in the reverse direction, driving the core from plus B flux density to minus B flux density. Then, during the next power pulse, the core will travel from minus B to plus B and a large output will result.

A voltage gain may be obtained from this amplifier by connecting diode D to point B instead of point X as shown. In this case it will require less voltage (although more current) to reset the amplifier from plus B to minus B In the amplifiers described above one of the major problems concerns itself with the removal of the sneak pulse. Figure 13 shows one simple method of removing the sneak pulse. A part of core C, Figure 2, including the output winding and load, is shown in Figure 13. At the same instant that the power pulse is applied, an auxiliary pulse, such as shown in Figure 13a, is applied to terminal G. This is a negative pulse instantaneously equal to or greater than the sneak pulse generated in core C. The application of this pulse prevents diode D from conducting, and, as a result, there is no output during the sneak pulse period. Of course, the pulse at G, since it is applied whenever the power pulse is applied, will subtract from the output whenever an output is expected. This, however, means only a minor decrease in power output.

Further methods of removing the sneak pulse would be to use non-linear circuit elements such as a saturable reactor or non-linear resistor or capacitor as part of the load circuit. The non-linear element would be so arranged so that its impedance is very low during the sneak pulse period or for voltages equal to the sneak pulse. However, for voltages of the duration and amplitude of the power pulse, the impedance of. the non-linear element would be high. In general, this could be mechanized by having the non-linear element held at a low impedance state, and the output would then tend to drive this nonlinear element to a high impedance state. An output of the sneak pulse type would not succeed in raising the impedance. However, an output pulse equal to the desired output pulse would drive the material to the high impedance region. Non-linear elements for suppressing the sneak pulse may be used either in series or in parallel with the load impedance.

Figure 14 shows a general method of removing the sneak pulse by filtering. This method depends upon the fact that the sneak pulse, in many cases, has components of higher frequency than the desired output pulse. Therefore, frequency discriminating networks can be constructed to discriminate between the two pulses. Z is a shunt element which shows a low impedance to the frequency components of the sneak pulse, but a high impedance to the frequency components of the desired output pulse. Z is a series element which shows a high impedance to the frequency components of the sneak pulse, but a low impedance to the frequency components of the desired output pulse. Although the drawing illustrates a combined application of both elements, either one of these elements may be used separately with substantially the same effect. Z and Z can be any one of a number of well-known filter elements, including series and parallel tuned circuits, high and low pass filters, bridged T and twin T networks, iterative networks, etc.

In addition to the above-mentioned schemes, it is often possible to eliminate the sneak pulse by balancing against a sneak pulse of opposite polarity from some other core. This is shown in Figure 15. The other core may be a dummy core used with the amplifier expressly for the purpose of forming a pulse which will cancel the sneak pulse, or it may be another amplifier core which happens to produce the required pulse form.

It is also possible to use a combination of the above methods of removing the sneak pulse. For example, the filters may alter the shape of the sneak pulse by partially integrating it in such a manner that clipping would be a simple way to remove the part of the sneak pulse that remains after filtering.

Another way of removing the effects of a sneak pulse is to neutralize all output effects during the time period which approximates the comparatively short duration of such a pulse. This may be regarded as the simplest method, but still an extremely eflicient one. In the case of the parallel magnetic amplifier, the sneak pulse is, as a rule, a sharp and narrow pulse, as indicated hereinabove, which very often, however, may have the same amplitude as the desired signal output. It is, therefore, appropriate to use time characteristics instead of amplitude characteristics for the separation of these two types of output pulses. Gating devices may be installed in the output circuits which permit the passage of an output pulse only when its duration exceeds the determinable duration of a sneak pulse and lasts beyond t in Figure 3. A description of such gating devices is not considered necessary since devices which open after a predetermined time interval are well known to those versed in the art.

In many of the arrangements previously described the fall time is extremely longer than the rise time with the same power applied. Considering the amplifier shown in Figure 16 which is a magnetic amplifier with a constant current supply connected to the power winding I, the time required for the current to transfer back through diode P, when the power pulse at B returns to zero at t as shown in Figure 16a, will be very much longer because of the low voltage available to effect this transfer. Accordingly, the rise time will be short, but the fall time will be extremely long.

One way of decreasing the fall time is to use a diverting pulse to divert the current in coil I very rapidly. Diode P may be used for this purpose. During the period t;; to 1 a large negative voltage or diverting pulse is applied to terminal B. The current which had been flowing through coil I is caused to make the transfer to diode P rapidly, if the negative voltage applied at B is equal to or greater than the voltage across the coil I. Thus, the output of the amplifier cuts off rapidly. The constant current now flows through diode P. Therefore, the current in the power winding alternates between coil I during the period t to Z and diode P during the period t2 to t3- This shows an example of where the application of a cut-ofl? pulse to turn the amplifier off results in a considerable decrease in the switching time of the amplifier. It is to be noted that the negative voltage applied to terminal B in Figure 16 could be much greater than the positive voltage applied at B so that the amplifier could cut off more rapidly than it is turned on. In the case of Figure 11 the blocking pulse shown there may have the additional function of the diverting pulse as described hereinabove, provided that the negative voltage of this blocking pulse is more negative than necessary for blocking.

In the magnetic amplifiers previously described, it is sometimes desirable to obtain a steady output, when pulses are applied to the input. This can be done by utilizing a rectifier or suitable filter circuit or integrating circuit on the output.

Figure 17 shows a circuit for obtaining a steady output. The output coil of a magnetic amplifier as shown in the basic arrangement of Figure 2 is shown at II. The output pulses charge up the capacitor F, and a steady output is obtained. If it is desired to reduce the steady output to zero, the input pulses of the amplifier are removed. It may take several pulse periods for the charge to leak ofi capacitor F. If a faster decay is desired, a clamp pulse could be applied to the output to reduce the output rapidly to zero.

Another circuit to obtain a steady output is shown in Figure 18 which utilizes an electric delay line of any wellknown type as a pulse stretcher. The output circuit shown with the diodes feeding various points on the delay line 

